At the end of your work the references you have cited in text are listed at the end of your essay.

There are style rules, which you must follow when referencing sources. Using the Cite Them Right version of Harvard the main rules are as follows.

Alphabetical order of references. The list of references is arranged alphabetically by author's surname, or when there is no author by title, year (and letter e.g. (2015a), (2015b), if necessary).
Italicised titles. The title of books, reports and conference proceedings are put in italics. For journal articles, the title of the journal (not the title of the journal article) should be in italics, see examples below.
Capitalisation. Capitalise the first letter of the publication title, the first letters of all the main words in the title of a journal and all first letters of a place name and publisher, see examples below.

Below is an example of a list of references based on the Harvard style used in Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, and in Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 11th revised and expanded edn. London: Macmillan International.

Cite them right has been developed into an online subscription resource from Bloomsbury Publishing, available to UoB students and staff (login as institution 'University of Birmingham' when off-campus or if prompted). This has many detailed examples for all styles, and includes a Sample text and reference list for Harvard.

Example

List of References

Beavers, S. and Warnecke, S. (2021) ‘Audience perceptions of historical authenticity in visual media’, in K. Alvestad and R. Houghton (eds) The Middle Ages in Modern Culture. London: Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 74-89.

Birmingham Museums (2023) Birmingham Black Oral History Project. Available at: https://dams.birminghammuseums.org.uk/asset-bank/action/browseItems?categoryId=1970&categoryTypeId=2 (Accessed 1 June 2023).

Burns, T. and Sinfield, S. (2022) Essential study skills: the complete guide to success at university. 5th edn. Los Angeles: Sage.

Dorling, D. and Tomlinson, S. (2019) Rule Britannia: Brexit and the end of Empire. London: Biteback.

Fergy, S., Heatley, S., Morgan, G. and Hodgson, D. (2008) 'The impact of pre-study skills training programmes on students' first year experience in health and social care programmes', Nurse Education in Practice, 8 (1), pp. 20-30.

Gibbs, R. A. (2020) 'The Human Genome Project changed everything', Nature Reviews Genetics, 21(10), pp. 575-576. doi: 10.1038/s41576-020-0275-3

Kawachi, I and Wamala, S. (2006) Globalization and health. Available at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bham/detail.action?docID=10211849 (Downloaded: 9 April 2015).

Nagesh, A. (2020) How coronavirus tore through Britain's ethnic minorities. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52894225 (Accessed 31 May 2023).

Nancarrow, J. (2020) Windrush legacy film. 16 July. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luPyEZM41gk (Accessed 1 June 2023).

Xiao, H., Liang, S. and Wang, L. (2020) 'Competing endogenous RNA regulation in hematologic malignancies', Clinica Chimica Acta, 509, pp. 108-116. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.045.

There are many variants of Harvard (author-date), a list of the main styles are listed below, more information available via the links.

American Psychological Association (APA)

This style is used within Psychology and related subjects.

NB: there is now a 7th edition of the APA, but full details for the 6th edition are still available.
You should discuss directly with your School or Programme tutors as to which edition is preferred.
Information links for both editions are below.

APA 7th edition:

APA website:
- In-text citations
- References
Cite them right online - requires University of Birmingham login

APA 6th edition:

APA official page with further information
iCite Guide from the University of Birmingham

Online Tutorials:

APA website - 7th edition
APA website - 6th edition

Chicago Style

This style is mainly used in the arts and humanities fields of study

- Further details are available on the official Chicago Manual of Style Online:
  1. Author-date
  2. Notes and bibliography
- The pages linked above are for the current ie 17th Edition
- The official manual also has pages covering the previous ie 16th Edition

MLA Style

Mainly used in the liberal arts and humanities
- Examples and guidance from Purdue University
- Cite them right online - MLA (requires University of Birmingham login)

Check the i-Cite Guide for useful links.