Footnote Systems

Humanities students

The ‘notes and bibliography’ also called ‘footnotes’ or ‘Chicago/Turabian’ style of referencing is often used in the humanities.

Humanities students should follow any regulations given to you by your School/Department, eg your student handbook may include guidance and examples for you to use as a model. If there are no specific guidelines you should consider following the examples given in the following style guides.

• MHRA style guide Links to an external site.. 
  • There are also useful examples of how to cite in text, how to set out footnotes and reference lists, on the MHRA section of the i-cite guide.
• MLA style guide Links to an external site.
  • There are websites, videos and referencing handbooks on the MLA section of the i-cite guide
• The Chicago Manual of Style Links to an external site.
  • There are websites, videos and referencing handbooks on the Chicago section of the i-cite guide

Further help and informance can be found on the University of Birmingham's i-cite guide and on Cite Them Right Online Links to an external site. (login as University of Birmingham if prompted).

Law students

Students undertaking modules in the School of Law should use the Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) referencing style.  This system uses footnotes.